In this section, we are going to use a negligence model plan to answer a case study. After reading the details of the Bert V Groovy Clothing Store case, use the model plan to identify the legal issues and relevant laws.
Introduction to Bert V Groovy Clothing Store
The case
Groovy Clothing Store was recently renovated and held an opening sale in their modernised premises. A huge crowd of shoppers entered the store (including Bert). Bert decided to go to the menswear department on the second floor and climbed the stairs with dozens of keen shoppers.
Unfortunately, the stairs were unable to take the weight of so many shoppers and one of the stairs gave way. Bert fell three metres and suffered extensive injuries. He will be in hospital for the next six months.
The details
You will need the details below to complete the following exercises. Use the case information as detailed below to guide you through this tutorial and to fill out the the Negligence Model Plan.
Bert may have a cause for action in the tort of negligence against Groovy Clothing Store (GCS). To prove that Groovy Clothing Store was negligent in this case, Bert must establish that:
1) GCS owed him a duty of care
2) GCS breached the applicable standard of that duty; and
3) GCS's breach of such duty of care resulted in Bert's suffering loss or damage.
Lord Atkin's neighbour test suggested that person A owes a duty of care if B is sufficiently proximate to A. In other words, the test will hold if A's actions or omissions may affect B in a reasonably foreseeable manner and consequently cause damage or suffering to B. In this case, Groovy Clothing Store owes Bert a duty of care because Bert was in their premises and such duty of care is non delegable (and hence could not be discharged) to Groovy Clothing Store's contractor who was hired to renovate the premises. According to the neighbour test, occupiers of land owe a duty of care to their entrants (neighbours) in respect of premises because of their control over the premise Australian Safeway Stores v Zaluzna [1987] HCA 7. Since Bert's presence in the store was organised and controlled by the store, and it is reasonably foreseeable that Groovy Clothing Store's actions and omissions could cause damage to Bert and other shoppers, it is hence sufficient for Groovy Clothing Store to owe Bert a duty of care.
The standard of care owed by Groovy Clothing Store is that of an ordinary, reasonable and prudent occupier who takes reasonable care to avoid foreseeable risks of harm to entrants (not just shoppers) of the premises Bolton v Stone [1951] 1 All ER 1078. In this case, no information was given as to the standards usually required of storeowners or whether Groovy Clothing Store had complied with the retail industry's general standards of practice. However it is reasonably foreseeable that harm could occur: allowing too many people to climb the stairs at the same time could very likely cause serious injuries, especially when people started pushing against each other. In addition, Groovy Clothing Store should have foreseen (as it had intended to do) that an opening sale would attract a huge crowd to the store. However we have no information to support whether or not the stairs would collapse when too many people were stepping on it. Clearly such an accident could have been avoided if Groovy Clothing Store had simply made an announcement using the public address system or by putting up signs reminding shoppers not to rush up the stairs. Also, Groovy Clothing Store could have hired extra staff to control the customer flow at the stairs. Given the likelihood of serious harm to the stair users, it would have been reasonable for ordinary and prudent storeowners to perform the above precautions. Groovy Clothing Store omitted these precautions, failed to warn Bert and other shoppers and as a result caused Bert extensive injuries. It appears that Groovy Clothing Store breached its duty of care to Bert.
Although a shopper entering a shop like Groovy Clothing Store would not assume voluntarily (volenti non fit injuria) the risk of falling down a collapsed staircase, in defence of its breaching duty of care, Groovy Clothing Store could probably claim that Bert was partly liable for his injury due to his failure to take reasonable care of himself (contributory negligence) on the grounds that an ordinary, reasonable and prudent person would not force him or herself up the stairs at the same time along with so many other people because of the foreseeability of an accident Wyong Shire Council v Shirt [1980] HCA 12. If this were the case, then not all the losses and damages Bert suffered would be recoverable.
If Groovy Clothing Store failed to prove that it was partly Bert's negligence that caused himself such injuries, it would then be completely liable to Bert for any foreseeable loss or damage (Wagon Mound Cases) which he suffered as a result of the breach. But for the breach, Bert would not have suffered extensive injuries and be hospitalised for six months Cork v Kirby MacLean LTD [1952] 2 AII ER 402; Chappel v Hart [1998] HCA 55. Hence the medical expenses for Bert's hospitalisation and any foreseeable and reasonable physical or other economic damages (e.g. loss of earning capacity), though not mentioned in the case, would be recoverable. It appears that Bert would be successful if he sued Groovy Clothing Store for negligence. However, if Bert was held partly liable for his injury due to contributory negligence, he might be able to recover only part of these damages.
Negligence model plan
Use the model plan to identify the legal issues and relevant laws, and apply the laws to the facts.
