Skip to main content

Critical writing

Critical writing involves analysis and review, supported by evidence. In design, it may take the form of an essay, visual analysis or journal article.

The process of writing an essay incorporates a number of elements: analysing the task, research, developing an organised structure through mind mapping, writing a first draft, revising and rewriting.

Planning

Planning is critical to the success of your essay. It helps guide your writing; allows you to focus on your topic and shapes the direction of your research.

The process generally follows the steps in the diagram below but there is overlap between stages and at times you will return to a previous stage as you refine and focus your argument.

Planning process diagram. Steps outlined below.
Planning process diagram, by RMIT, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0

1. Analyse your topic

  • look at assignment brief instructions for focus
  • research directions and structure

2. Brainstorm the topic to

  • bring all ideas together
  • start with what you already know

3. Research the gaps

  • general reading
  • note-taking
  • develop information

4. Plan a coherent structure

  • brainstorm ideas. What do you already know?
  • select and evaluate evidence from reading
  • create a mindmap
  • organise your research and ideas

5. Write and rewrite

  • draft
  • review the topic

6. Edit

  • redraft
  • proofread


Your first written draft will generally shape your essay. Look back at the essay topic; have you responded to all the elements you identified as important? Does the essay ‘flow’? Are your points relevant and do they contribute to your overall argument? You may ask for feedback from someone else as well. Redraft and refine your essay through critical editing.

Finally, proofread for punctuation and grammar errors. Confirm that your referencing and citations are correct before submitting your essay.

For more information, visit the Essay planning tutorial.

Mind mapping

Mind mapping is a visual representation of the focus and structure of a task. The advantage of creating and developing a mind map is that it gives you a holistic view of the task and helps you identify relationships between ideas.

There are three stages in the process.

Stage 1: The free-thinking (brainstorming) stage. At this stage, all ideas are relevant.

Diagram with words hand-written around the central text - Wolfgang Weingart.

The image features "Wolfgang Weingart" at the centre, circled in red. Surrounding it are various phrases and concepts related to Weingart's influence on typography and design. These include:

  • Urbanism (post WWII)
  • Text as art
  • International typography styles
  • Iterative design
  • Advances in technology
  • Phototypesetting
  • Vietnam War

Stage 2: The identification stage (initial mind mapping). This stage is where you identify and clarify relationships between ideas and discard anything outside of your focus.

Extension of the diagram above, highlighting like words and ideas together into groups.

Like the first image, this features "Wolfgang Weingart" at the centre, circled in red. The various phrases and concepts surrounding it are colour coded to group them together. A couple of topics are crossed out.

Stage 2: The identification stage (initial mind mapping). This stage is where you identify and clarify relationships between ideas and discard anything outside of your focus.

Extension of the diagram above, grouping like words and ideas together under headings.

At the centre of the image is "Wolfgang Weingart," with categories branching out, each representing a different aspect of his influence:

  • History (contextualise)
    • Vietnam War
    • social environment
    • urbanism (post WWII)
    • opposing corporatisation
    • International typography styles
    • political change
    • Swiss typography in 50's & 60's
    • Swiss type
  • Example (describe)
    • new media combinations
    • photolithography
    • woodtype
    • phototypesetting
    • colour
    • TM covers (1972 & 1973 key years, 15 covers)
  • Philosophy (analyse)
    • move from anonymity to individualism in design
    • text as art
    • basic typographic / design principles
    • use relevant technology
    • experimentation
    • iterative design
    • rapid change
  • Education (contextualise)
    • other teachers
    • Basel school
    • students of Weingart
    • schedule for gestaltung
    • encouraged experimentation (in his students)
  • Concepts (analyse)
    • advances in technology
    • type aesthetics
    • magazines
    • aesthetic archetypes
    • graphic design and advertising

Images on this page by RMIT, licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0


Further resources

Mind mapping an artist statement

Explore these skills in a real world context.